Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate

🔍 Definition

Cleft lip is a congenital birth defect occurring when the tissue that forms the lip fails to join completely before birth, resulting in an opening or split in the upper lip. The opening can range from a small notch at the vermilion border to a large gap extending through the upper lip into the nose. It can occur on one or both sides of the lip, or rarely in the midline, as described by CDC.

Cleft palate is a congenital defect in which the tissue forming the roof of the mouth (palate) does not join completely during fetal development, leaving a persistent opening between the oral and nasal cavities. The cleft may affect the hard palate (anterior bony roof), the soft palate (posterior muscular structure), or both, according to NIDCR.

Cleft lip with cleft palate (combined) occurs when both the lip and the palate fail to fuse; these combination defects constitute the most clinically significant and surgically complex form of orofacial clefting. Together, cleft lip and cleft palate are classified as orofacial clefts and represent one of the most common congenital craniofacial anomalies, as noted in StatPearls (NCBI).

Submucous cleft palate is the mildest form, characterized by incomplete fusion of the palatal muscles beneath an intact oral mucosa; it may present only as a bifid uvula and is often not diagnosed at birth.

Prevalence / Epidemiology (Current Data)

Based on updated 2025 data from ACPA (August 2025), ACPA now recommends the following statement for healthcare organizations:

“Between 6,000 and 8,000 children are born yearly in the United States with a cleft lip and/or palate. In the United States, about 1 in 1,050 babies is born with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, and about 1 in 1,600 babies is born with cleft palate alone.”

Detailed NIDCR prevalence data (2010–2014 base), from the National Birth Defects Prevention Network (NBDPN), provides annual estimates:

Source: Mai CT, et al. Birth Defects Research. 2019;111:1420–35; data from 13 U.S. surveillance programs, 5,186,504 live births, adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity.

Contemporary EHR-based research in the Journal of Clinical Medicine (2024) found slightly higher prevalence rates in a cohort of 15.7 million patients: cleft palate (ICP) 1 in 971 births and combined cleft lip and palate (CLP) 1 in 1,398 births.

Demographic patterns:

• Prevalence is highest in Asian, Native American/Alaskan Native populations; lower in Black patients
• Isolated cleft palate is more frequent in biological females; cleft lip ± palate has a greater male-to-female ratio, per ASHA
• Left-sided unilateral cleft lip is more common than right-sided
• Approximately 70% of cleft lip ± palate cases and 50% of isolated cleft palate cases are non-syndromic, per PMC/Oral Diseases

Risk factors documented by CDC include:

• Maternal smoking during pregnancy
• Pregestational diabetes
• Use of certain antiepileptic medications during the first trimester (topiramate, valproic acid)
• Genetic mutations/changes (multifactorial inheritance)

🗂️ Alternative Terminology

Medical coders and CDI specialists will encounter multiple terms in documentation that map to Q35–Q37 codes. The following table summarizes acceptable and deprecated terminology:

Coder note: When the term “harelip” appears in provider documentation, query for clarification of current terminology and laterality where clinically feasible. The code maps to Q36 (Cleft lip) but documentation specificity is needed for the correct 4th-character subcode.

🩺 Signs & Symptoms

At Birth / Clinical Presentation

Most cleft lip presentations are visually apparent at birth. Cleft palate without lip involvement may be identified through routine oral examination of the newborn, per Mayo Clinic (2024):

• Cleft lip: Visible split in the upper lip, ranging from a small notch at the vermilion border to a large opening extending into the nose; may be unilateral (one side), bilateral (both sides), or median (midline — rare)
• Cleft lip with or without palate: Detectable on prenatal ultrasound around 18 weeks gestation; 2D ultrasonography more reliable for cleft lip than cleft palate; 3D ultrasound can achieve 100% sensitivity for cleft palate if cleft lip is already identified, per StatPearls
• Cleft palate only: Often identified postnatally during oral examination; may be missed if submucous (mucosa intact)
• Submucous cleft palate: Signs include a translucent zona pellucida (midline thinning) on the soft palate, bifid uvula, and posterior notch of the hard palate palpable bimanually; may not be diagnosed until the child begins to speak

Feeding Difficulties

Feeding challenges are the most immediate neonatal concern per NIDCR and StatPearls:

• Inability to form adequate nipple seal and latch (particularly with cleft palate)
• Nasal regurgitation of feeds
• Increased work of feeding, leading to fatigue and poor weight gain
• Suck-swallow-breathe discoordination
• Increased air intake during feeds

Ear Infections and Hearing Issues

• Eustachian tube dysfunction is nearly universal with cleft palate because the levator veli palatini muscle, which opens the Eustachian tube, is malpositioned and inserts onto the hard palate rather than creating the palatal sling, per Mayo Clinic
• Middle ear effusion (MEE) and recurrent otitis media with effusion are extremely common
• Conductive hearing loss from chronic middle ear fluid is a major associated complication; ASHA notes newborn hearing screens are frequently passed despite subsequent risk of conductive loss

Speech and Language Complications

Per ASHA:

• Hypernasality: Excessive nasal resonance due to open oral-nasal communication
• Nasal air emission: Audible or inaudible escape of air through the nose on pressure consonants (stops, fricatives, affricates)
• Compensatory articulation errors: Glottal stops, pharyngeal fricatives — maladaptive patterns developed in response to abnormal palatal structure
• Delayed expressive language in early childhood, typically resolving with intervention
• Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI): Persistent inability of the palate to close against the posterior pharyngeal wall after repair

Dental Issues

• Dental malposition, supernumerary or missing teeth at the cleft line (between lateral incisor and canine)
• Alveolar cleft requiring bone grafting
• Malocclusion (Class III common with bilateral CLP; Class II common with Pierre Robin sequence)
• Per CDC: dental complications require specialized orthodontic care throughout childhood and adolescence

Psychosocial Impact

Children with orofacial clefts may face social, emotional, and behavioral challenges due to visible facial differences and the stress of multiple medical procedures, per Mayo Clinic.

🧭 Differential Diagnosis

When cleft lip/palate is documented, coders and CDI specialists should be alert to associated syndromic diagnoses that require separate coding. Approximately 15–30% of cases are syndromic, per StatPearls and PMC Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery.

Coder/CDI note: Approximately 50% of isolated cleft palate cases are associated with other anomalies, versus 15% of cleft lip with palate cases, per StatPearls. If a confirmed syndrome is documented, code the syndrome separately using the appropriate code (e.g., Q87.x, Q93.81 for 22q11.2 deletion). Review genetic consultation reports for documented syndrome diagnoses.

📋 Clinical Indicators

The following documentation elements must be present or queried to assign the most specific ICD-10-CM code from Q35–Q37. Per WellCare Documentation Guidance (2024) and AAOMS Coding Paper (revised January 2026):

Required Documentation Elements

Post-repair Encounters

When a patient returns for reconstructive surgery after prior repair:

• The original cleft code (Q35–Q37) should still be used if the cleft condition is the reason for the encounter (e.g., revision surgery, VPI correction)
• Z42.8 (Encounter for other plastic and reconstructive surgery following medical procedure or healed injury) may be applicable for follow-up reconstruction visits
• Personal history code Z87.730 applies if the cleft lip/palate has been fully corrected and is no longer an active condition relevant to the current encounter

🦴 Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Embryological Development of the Lip

The normal lip forms through the fusion of multiple embryonic facial processes during gestational weeks 4 through 7, per CDC and PMC/Oral Diseases embryology review (2022):

1. Week 4: Five facial prominences form around the developing oral cavity — the frontonasal prominence (median), bilateral maxillary prominences, and bilateral mandibular prominences
2. Week 5: The frontonasal prominence develops into medial and lateral nasal processes via cleavage; these fuse with the maxillary process to form the upper lip
3. Week 6: The medial nasal processes fuse in the midline to form the intermaxillary segment, which creates the philtrum of the upper lip and the primary palate (the portion anterior to the incisive foramen)

Failure mechanism (cleft lip): Failure of the lateral lip element (maxillary prominence) to fuse with the philtrum (medial nasal prominence from the frontonasal prominence) produces a unilateral cleft lip. Failure of both maxillary prominences to fuse produces bilateral cleft lip, per Plastic Surgery Key embryology review.

Embryological Development of the Palate

The secondary palate forms from outgrowths of the maxillary processes (palatal shelves) in a more protracted developmental window, per StatPearls and PMC/Oral Diseases (2022):

1. Week 6–7: Palatal shelves grow initially in a vertical orientation on either side of the tongue
2. Week 8: Palatal shelves rapidly reorient from vertical to horizontal (within hours), progressing anteriorly to posteriorly in a “zipper” fashion
3. Weeks 8–10: The two palatal shelves make contact at the midline; medial edge epithelium degenerates via programmed cell death (apoptosis) to establish mesenchymal continuity
4. Week 10–12: Mesenchymal continuity is established; the anterior portion ossifies to form the hard palate while the posterior portion differentiates into muscle to form the soft palate

Failure mechanism (cleft palate): Failure of the palatal shelves to reach the midline and fuse produces cleft palate. The cause of Pierre Robin sequence is distinct: mechanical obstruction by the tongue (due to micrognathia) prevents the palatal shelves from assuming their horizontal position, resulting in the characteristic inverted U-shaped cleft palate, per PMC IJPS.

Molecular Pathways

Key molecular signaling pathways involved per StatPearls and PMC/Oral Diseases:

• Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway — regulates medial nasal process development and facial midline formation
• Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP4, BMP2) pathways — regulate apoptosis and epithelial seam degeneration
• Fibroblast growth factor (FGF10, FGF7) pathways
• Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) — palatal shelf elevation and fusion
• IRF6 — mutations cause Van der Woude syndrome; rs642961 risk allele linked to non-syndromic CL/P
• TFAP2A mutations underlie branchio-oto-renal syndrome, which includes CL/P

Functional Consequences (Pathophysiology)

Per StatPearls:

• Oral-nasal communication: The persistent cleft creates abnormal communication between oral and nasal cavities, impeding:
  • Sucking (infants are obligate nasal breathers; tongue can protrude into nasal cavity)
  • Speech (prevents buildup of intraoral air pressure for plosive/fricative sounds)
  • Swallowing (nasal regurgitation)
• Eustachian tube dysfunction: Abnormal insertion of the levator veli palatini leads to impaired tube opening and middle ear effusion
• Dental/skeletal effects: Disrupted maxillary architecture leads to dental malposition and abnormal facial growth if untreated

💊 Medication Impact / Treatment

The “Rule of 10s” for Surgical Timing

A widely used perioperative guideline for cleft lip repair is the “Rule of 10s” (also called “Ten’s criteria”), per StatPearls:

• Weight ≥ 10 pounds (infant is metabolically stable enough for anesthesia)
• Hemoglobin ≥ 10 g/dL
• Age ≥ 10 weeks (cardiac risk decreases significantly after 60 weeks post-conceptional age)

Surgical Timeline Overview

The following timeline reflects ACPA Parameters of Care (2009 Rev., still current standard) and StatPearls (2024):

Lip repair is recommended within the first 12 months of life; palate repair is recommended within the first 18 months of life, per CDC.

Pre-surgical Preparation (Infancy)

• Lip taping: Applied from approximately 1 week of age to narrow the cleft and improve nasal symmetry pre-operatively, per StatPearls
• Nasoalveolar molding (NAM) prosthesis: A custom maxillary intraoral device worn 24 hours/day, adjusted weekly or biweekly, to remodel alveolar segments and improve nasal symmetry prior to lip repair; billed using CPT 21076 per AAOMS (January 2026)

Feeding Devices

• Specialized bottles (e.g., Mead-Johnson Cleft Palate Nurser, Haberman feeder, Dr. Brown’s Specialty Feeder, Pigeon bottle) are used to enable feeding without the ability to create negative intraoral pressure
• Occupational/speech therapists train caregivers on positioning, pacing, and special nipple/bottle techniques
• Palatal obturators may be used in selected cases to cover the palatal cleft before surgical repair to facilitate feeding

Team-Based Care Model

ACPA mandates that care be delivered by an interdisciplinary cleft and craniofacial team that typically includes:

• Plastic surgeon or craniofacial surgeon
• Oral and maxillofacial surgeon
• Orthodontist
• Pediatric dentist
• Speech-language pathologist
• Audiologist
• Otolaryngologist (ENT)
• Geneticist / genetic counselor
• Social worker / psychologist
• Pediatrician
• Nutritionist

Medications

There is no specific medical (pharmaceutical) treatment for cleft lip/palate itself. Perioperative medications include:

• General anesthesia for surgical repair
• Analgesics post-operatively
• Antibiotics if indicated (perioperative prophylaxis per surgeon protocol)

Teratogenic medication note for CDI: Documentation of maternal use of topiramate or valproic acid during the first trimester in the mother’s record is relevant to etiology; these are not coded on the child’s record but represent risk factors per CDC.

Preview ends here. The full guide continues with FY2026 ICD-10-CM code sets, CPT surgical coding, MS-DRG mapping, reimbursement guidance, CDI query templates, and an audit checklist — all available to CCO Members.

📘 ICD-10-CM Guidelines

Source: FY 2027 ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting (effective October 1, 2026), published by CMS and NCHS.

Chapter 17: Congenital Malformations, Deformations, Chromosomal Abnormalities, and Genetic Disorders (Q00–QA1)

FY2027 Chapter 17 status: The chapter title remains “Congenital malformations, deformations, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic disorders,” and the chapter range is Q00–QA1. The Q35–Q37 cleft codes are unaffected by this range change.

Section I.C.17 of the FY2027 Guidelines states:

“Assign an appropriate code(s) from categories Q00–QA1, Congenital malformations, deformations, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic disorders when a malformation/deformation, chromosomal abnormality, or genetic disorder is documented. A malformation/deformation/chromosomal abnormality, or genetic disorder may be the principal/first-listed diagnosis or secondary diagnosis on a record.”

Key Coding Rules for Chapter 17

1. Code throughout the life of the patient. Codes from Chapter 17 may be used at any age. If a congenital condition is not identified until adulthood, it is still appropriate to use a Q-code when the provider documents the diagnosis. Per FY2027 Guidelines, Section I.C.17.
2. Personal history code when corrected. If a congenital malformation has been corrected, assign the appropriate personal history code (e.g., Z87.730 for personal history of corrected cleft lip and palate) to identify the prior history. The Q code should no longer be used as an active diagnosis if the condition is fully repaired and resolved; if the congenital malformation is partially corrected or still requires medical treatment, code the condition instead.
3. Principal diagnosis for birth admission. For the birth admission, the appropriate code from category Z38 (Liveborn infants, according to place of birth and type of delivery) is sequenced as the principal diagnosis, followed by any congenital anomaly codes in categories Q00–QA1 as secondary diagnoses.
4. Manifestations. When the code assignment specifically identifies the malformation/deformation, chromosomal abnormality, or genetic disorder, manifestations that are an inherent component should not be coded separately. Additional codes should be assigned for manifestations that are not an inherent component.
5. When no unique code: When a malformation/deformation, chromosomal abnormality, or genetic disorder does not have a unique code assignment, assign additional code(s) for any manifestations that may be present.
6. Diagnosis timing. Although present at birth, a malformation/deformation, chromosomal abnormality, or genetic disorder may not be identified until later in life. Whenever the condition is diagnosed by the provider, it is appropriate to assign a code from categories Q00–QA1 regardless of patient age.

Present on Admission (POA) Indicator

Q35–Q37 codes are POA-exempt; when a code is on the exempt list, leave the POA field blank/not reported. For congenital conditions and anomalies that are not on the exempt list, the FY2027 POA guidelines state to assign “Y” because congenital conditions are always considered present on admission.

Use Additional Code Instruction

The ICD-10-CM Tabular List includes the instruction under Q35–Q37: “Use additional code to identify associated malformation of the nose (Q30.2).” Assign Q30.2 when fissured, notched, or cleft nose is separately documented with the cleft condition.

Code First / Etiology-Manifestation

No specific code-first or etiology/manifestation sequencing instruction exists within Q35–Q37 themselves. The category-level use-additional-code note for Q30.2 applies when an associated malformation of the nose is documented. Also:

• Syndromic diagnoses (e.g., Van der Woude: Q87.3x; 22q11.2 deletion: Q93.81) should be coded as additional diagnoses when documented
• In the mother’s obstetric record, O35.x (Maternal care for known or suspected fetal anomaly) codes are used when the fetal cleft is affecting maternal management

🔢 ICD-10-CM Code Set (Tabular)

FY2027 Update Status for Q35–Q37

Per the CMS FY2027 ICD-10-CM files effective October 1, 2026, no codes were added, deleted, or descriptor-revised within the Q35–Q37 cleft category for FY2027. The Q35–Q37 code set is unchanged from FY2026.

Q35 — Cleft Palate

Header: Q35 Cleft palate (non-billable; requires 4th character)
Includes: fissure of palate; palatoschisis
Excludes1: cleft palate with cleft lip (Q37.-)

Note: Q35.0 and Q35.2 do not exist in the U.S. ICD-10-CM tabular list. Even-numbered Q35 codes are not used in the CM version.

Q36 — Cleft Lip

Header: Q36 Cleft lip (non-billable; requires 4th character)
Includes: cheiloschisis; congenital fissure of lip; harelip; labium leporinum
Excludes1: cleft lip with cleft palate (Q37.-)

Q37 — Cleft Palate with Cleft Lip

Header: Q37 Cleft palate with cleft lip (non-billable header; requires 4th character)
Includes: cheilopalatoschisis
Note: Q37 is a non-billable header code. Always select the appropriate 4th-character subcode.

Sources: CMS FY2027 ICD-10-CM Code Descriptions and Code Tables, Tabular and Index; AAPC ICD-10-CM Q35, Q36, and Q37; WellCare ICD-10 Documentation Guidance.

Additional Cleft-Related ICD-10-CM Codes

Combination Rule: Q37 Supersedes Q35 + Q36

When both cleft lip and cleft palate are present, report a combination code from Q37 instead of separate Q35 and Q36 codes. Using individual codes when a combination code is available violates ICD-10-CM coding conventions, per Outsource Strategies International coding guidance.

🔎 Indexing

Main term: Cleft (in the Alphabetic Index to Diseases and Injuries)

The following represents the relevant index structure for the main term “Cleft” as found in the CMS ICD-10-CM Index to Diseases and Injuries and as verified in AAPC Codify:

Cleft (congenital) — see also Imperfect, closure
  alveolar process — M26.79
  branchial (cyst) (persistent) — Q18.2
  cricoid cartilage, posterior — Q31.8
  foot — Q72.7-
  hand — Q71.6-
  lip (unilateral) — Q36.9
    bilateral — Q36.0
    median — Q36.1
    with cleft palate — Q37.9
      hard — Q37.1
      with soft — Q37.5
      bilateral — Q37.0
        hard — Q37.0
          with soft — Q37.4
        soft — Q37.2
  nose — Q30.2
  palate — Q35.9
    hard — Q35.1
    with
      cleft lip (unilateral) — Q37.1
        bilateral — Q37.0
      soft palate — Q35.5
        with cleft lip (unilateral) — Q37.5
          bilateral — Q37.4
    soft — Q35.3
      with
        cleft lip (unilateral) — Q37.3
          bilateral — Q37.2
        hard palate — Q35.5
  penis — Q55.69
  scrotum — Q55.29
  thyroid cartilage — Q31.8
  uvula — Q35.7

Indexing practice tip: Always verify in the Tabular List after using the Alphabetic Index, per FY2027 Official Guidelines, Section I.A. The index directs coders to the appropriate code, but instructional notes (Includes, Excludes, Use Additional) are only visible in the Tabular List.

🏥 CPT

CPT codes for cleft lip and palate are found primarily in the Digestive System section (Lips, Palate and Uvula) of the CPT manual. Rhinoplasty for cleft-related nasal deformity is in the Respiratory System section.

Source: CPT 2027 Surgery code files for Lips, Palate and Uvula, Respiratory/Facial Bone Graft procedures; AAOMS Coding for Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery (revised January 2026); and AAPC Otolaryngology Coding Alert (June 2025).

Cleft Lip Repair (Primary)

Cleft Lip Repair (Secondary / Revision)

Cleft Palate Repair (Palatoplasty)

Prosthetic / Nasoalveolar Molding Codes

Nasal / Rhinoplasty Codes

Bone Graft Codes

CPT Modifiers for Cleft Repair

Global period: Major cleft repairs (40700-series, 42200-series) carry a 90-day global surgical package (92 days total including day before and day of surgery), per AAOMS (2026).

🧾 HCPCS

HCPCS Level II — Haberman Feeder

Note: S8265 is a Temporary National Code in the S-code range (S0012–S9999). It is not covered under traditional Medicare (S-codes are non-Medicare), but may be covered by Medicaid programs and commercial insurers in some states. Verify payer-specific coverage policies, per eMedNY Medical Supplies HCPCS listing.

HCPCS for Prosthetic Devices

CPT codes (21076, 21082, 21083, 21084, 42280, 42281) are used for prosthetic/obturator services billed by the physician. HCPCS L-codes for maxillofacial prosthetics (L8040–L8049) may apply to devices furnished by prosthetists or durable medical equipment suppliers; verify payer policy. See CMS facial prostheses policy article (A52463).

HCPCS Modifier

📚 AHA Coding Clinic

The AHA Coding Clinic for ICD-10-CM/PCS is a subscription publication; full text cannot be reproduced here due to copyright. The following citation references are provided for research and CDG compilation purposes. Coders should verify through institutional Coding Clinic subscriptions. No specific cleft lip/palate entries were identified in the free-access domain as of 2026 research; the AHA Coding Clinic advisor confirms ongoing quarterly issues through 2025 Q3.

Known/Searched References:

• AHA Coding Clinic guidance on Chapter 17 congenital anomaly coding conventions (general)
  • See: AHA Coding Clinic for ICD-10-CM/PCS, various quarters — use terms “congenital malformation,” “principal diagnosis,” “personal history” of corrected anomaly
• The following older (ICD-9-CM era) guidance has been superseded by ICD-10-CM:
  • AAP You Code It! article on cleft lip/palate (ICD-9-CM codes 749.xx), published in AAP Coding News, 2015 — now obsolete per AAP Publications (2015)

Practitioner action: Query the AHA Coding Clinic Advisor for specific Coding Clinic Q&A entries related to cleft lip/palate. Relevant search terms: “cleft lip,” “cleft palate,” “Q35,” “Q36,” “Q37,” “congenital malformation,” “submucous cleft,” “bifid uvula.”

CDG author note: This section should be updated by CCO staff with confirmed Coding Clinic citation strings once institutional access is available. Do not reproduce copyrighted Coding Clinic text — list citation strings only (e.g., “Coding Clinic, Third Quarter 2019, p. 22”).

💰 HCC / Risk Adjustment

CMS-HCC Model V28 Status (CY 2027)

For CY 2027, CMS continues to use the 2024 CMS-HCC risk adjustment model, which uses version 28 (V28) of the clinical classification system, for non-PACE Medicare Advantage risk score calculations. CMS did not implement the proposed updated Part C risk adjustment model for CY 2027.

Q35–Q37 HCC Mapping Status

ICD-10-CM codes Q35–Q37 (cleft lip, cleft palate, cleft lip with cleft palate) do NOT map to any CMS-HCC V28 risk adjustment category.

Rationale:

• The CMS-HCC model is designed to risk-adjust for chronic adult conditions that predict future Medicare Advantage expenditures
• Congenital orofacial clefts are typically identified and treated in childhood
• The pediatric/congenital code population (Chapters 16–17) was partially incorporated into V28 with 268 new codes from Chapters 16–17 that now do map to HCCs, per CodingIntel V28 analysis
• However, the vast majority of isolated congenital cleft codes (Q35–Q37) are not conditions associated with significant ongoing chronic adult medical expenditure predictive for the Medicare population
• GuideWell/Florida Blue CMS-HCC V28 Perinatal/Congenital document confirms that while V28 adds some congenital codes, these are for complex systemic congenital conditions (e.g., Hirschsprung’s disease, Q43.1), not orofacial clefts

Practical implication: Cleft lip/palate diagnoses do not contribute to a Medicare Advantage patient’s Risk Adjustment Factor (RAF) score under V28. For pediatric Medicaid or commercial insurance populations, risk adjustment methodologies vary (some use APR-DRGs or CRG-based systems), and cleft-related diagnoses may carry weight in pediatric risk models.

CDI specialists should not direct provider query efforts toward cleft lip/palate for HCC risk adjustment purposes. Coding accuracy for cleft lip/palate remains essential for DRG assignment, quality metrics, and accurate epidemiologic data.

🧑‍⚕️ Treatments (Clinical)

Summary of Treatment Pathway (Birth Through Adolescence)

Based on ACPA Parameters of Care, StatPearls (2024), and CDC treatment guidelines:

Neonatal Period (Birth – 3 months)

• Cleft team evaluation; feeding assessment and training with specialized bottles/nipples
• Lip taping to approximate cleft edges and narrow gap
• Nasoalveolar molding (NAM) prosthesis fitting if indicated
• Genetic counseling and evaluation for syndromic associations
• Audiologic evaluation (newborn hearing screen; follow-up tympanometry)
• Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) consultation

Infancy: Lip Repair (3–6 months)

• Primary cheiloplasty (cleft lip repair) using one of several techniques:
  • Millard rotation-advancement (most common in U.S.)
  • Tennison-Randall triangular flap
  • Fisher anatomic repair (increasingly used)
• May include primary nasal correction and columellar repair at same setting
• Governed by Rule of 10s criteria

Late Infancy: Palate Repair (9–18 months; optimal 11–12 months)

• Palatoplasty using one of several techniques:
  • Von Langenbeck straight-line repair (narrow clefts)
  • Veau-Wardill-Kilner V-Y pushback (palate lengthening)
  • Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty (wide/foreshortened palates; 25% length gain)
  • Buccal mucosal flaps (for revision cases or wide clefts)
• Tympanostomy tube insertion often performed concurrently under the same anesthesia for Eustachian tube dysfunction/MEE
• Speech-language evaluation begins; prelinguistic feeding and early language monitoring

Toddler/Preschool (1–6 years)

• Ongoing speech-language therapy for resonance, articulation, compensatory error correction
• Audiology follow-up with annual tympanometry/audiometry
• Pediatric dental follow-up as primary teeth erupt
• Palatal fistula repair if applicable (5–10% incidence post-palatoplasty)
• Speech surgery evaluation if VPI persists (pharyngeal flap, sphincter pharyngoplasty, Furlow re-palate)

School Age (6–12 years)

• Alveolar bone grafting (secondary; usually 7–9 years, mixed dentition stage) — cancellous bone graft (typically from iliac crest) to close alveolar cleft, support canine tooth eruption, stabilize maxillary arch
• Phase I orthodontics (maxillary expansion, space maintenance)
• Lip/scar revision if needed
• Speech therapy if compensatory errors persist

Adolescence (12–21 years)

• Phase II/III orthodontics; alignment for definitive dental occlusion or implants
• Definitive rhinoplasty (≥ 15–16 years; after facial growth complete)
• Orthognathic surgery (LeFort I ± mandibular procedures; ≥ 17–18 years at skeletal maturity) for midface advancement in cases of significant maxillary retrusion
• Additional bone grafting or implant placement if needed
• Genetic counseling for patient and family regarding recurrence risk

Speech Therapy Across All Phases

• Resonance (hypernasality, nasal emission) management
• Compensatory articulation correction (glottal stops, pharyngeal fricatives)
• Language monitoring
• Velopharyngeal endoscopy/nasometry for objective VPI assessment

🎓 Patient Education / Summary

CDI specialists and coders can direct patients and families to the following authoritative, evidence-based resources: